{
 "v": 1,
 "note": "Reviewed lifespans for the era record (data/hist-eras.js). `rows` act on the map (js/hist-scale.js eraSpanOut): the name is withheld in a year after `e` or before `s` (astronomical years; the bound year itself is inside). A row is written only where Wikidata states the bound AND the historical record agrees — or, marked `sBy: \"history\"`, where history places a start EARLIER than every start Wikidata states (the card then says the bound is history's, `circa` when the record gives it as approximate) — and only if the bound withholds no year history says the polity existed: a row with `s` carries `hs`, the earliest year its `history` sentence places the unit, and the gate fails if the map withholds the name in any year from `hs` on. `refuted` are mechanical findings examined and NOT applied, with the reason. `facts` is what Wikidata states (P571/P576), refreshed by node scripts/histeras/spans.mjs --fetch. Gate: npm run check:histfidelity.",
 "gov": {"publisher":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/","licence":"CC0 1.0","licenceUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","attribution":false,"paidBy":"Wikidata (CC0 1.0)","cadence":"P1D","cadenceBasis":{"observed":"estimate, not measured per class: Wikidata is edited continuously and its Query Service reflects an edit within minutes, so any day can change what a query answers","expires":"if the builders read a Wikidata dump or a frozen snapshot instead of the live Query Service","canon":"scripts/lib/upstream-cadence.mjs WIKIDATA"},"builtBy":"scripts/histeras/spans.mjs","retrievedAt":"2026-10-01"},
 "rows": [
  {"name":"Songhai","q":"Q202687","e":1591,"history":"Battle of Tondibi (13 March 1591): the Saadian army defeated Askia Ishaq II and the empire broke up; the Dendi successor kingdom is a different unit."},
  {"name":"Watassid Morocco","q":"Q970799","e":1554,"history":"The Saadians took Fez in 1549; Ali Abu Hassun's Wattasid restoration ended at the Battle of Tadla, 1554."},
  {"name":"Inca Empire","q":"Q28573","e":1572,"history":"Cusco fell in 1533; the Neo-Inca state at Vilcabamba ended with the capture of Túpac Amaru in 1572 (the later of the two dates Wikidata states, so no year of Inca rule is withheld)."},
  {"name":"Adal","q":"Q2365048","e":1577,"history":"The Adal Sultanate ended in 1577, when its seat moved to Aussa and the Imamate of Aussa succeeded it."},
  {"name":"Wadai","q":"Q1132786","s":1635,"hs":1635,"history":"The Wadai Sultanate was founded by Abd al-Karim in 1635 (overthrowing the Tunjur)."},
  {"name":"Vijayanagara","q":"Q167639","e":1646,"history":"Sriranga III, the last emperor, lost the last of his territory to Bijapur and Golconda by 1646."},
  {"name":"Bidar","q":"Q669317","e":1619,"history":"The Bidar Sultanate was annexed by Bijapur in 1619."},
  {"name":"Ahmadnagar","q":"Q400998","s":1490,"hs":1490,"e":1636,"history":"Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah declared independence from the Bahmanis in 1490; the Mughals annexed the sultanate in 1636."},
  {"name":"Golkonda","q":"Q19805959","s":1518,"hs":1518,"history":"Quli Qutb Shah declared Golconda independent of the Bahmanis in 1518."},
  {"name":"Dutch Brazil","q":"Q221357","s":1630,"hs":1630,"e":1654,"history":"The WIC took Olinda and Recife in 1630; the colony capitulated at Taborda in January 1654."},
  {"name":"New Amsterdam","q":"Q382593","e":1667,"history":"The shape is the Dutch colony of New Netherland around New Amsterdam: taken by the English in 1664 and ceded at Breda in 1667."},
  {"name":"Austrian Empire","q":"Q131964","s":1804,"hs":1804,"history":"Francis II proclaimed the Austrian Empire on 11 August 1804; before that the Habsburg lands had no such name."},
  {"name":"Mali","q":"Q184536","e":1670,"history":"The Mali Empire broke up after the Bamana of Ségou sacked Niani, c. 1670."},
  {"name":"Dutch Republic","q":"Q170072","s":1581,"hs":1581,"history":"The Act of Abjuration (1581) founded the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands."},
  {"name":"Tsardom of Muscovy","q":"Q186096","s":1547,"hs":1547,"history":"Ivan IV was crowned the first Tsar on 16 January 1547; before that the state was the Grand Principality of Moscow."},
  {"name":"Sardinia-Piedmont","q":"Q2577303","s":1720,"hs":1720,"history":"Savoy received Sardinia, and the royal title, by the Treaty of The Hague (1720)."},
  {"name":"Dutch Formosa","q":"Q699446","e":1662,"history":"Fort Zeelandia surrendered to Koxinga in February 1662."},
  {"name":"Nogai Horde","q":"Q631210","e":1634,"history":"The Great Nogai Horde disintegrated under Kalmyk pressure by 1634."},
  {"name":"Dutch East Indies","q":"Q188161","s":1800,"hs":1800,"history":"The colony of that name was created when the VOC was dissolved and its possessions nationalised (1 January 1800)."},
  {"name":"Hong Kong","q":"Q8646","s":1841,"hs":1841,"history":"Hong Kong became a polity with British occupation in 1841; before that it was part of Xin'an County."},
  {"name":"Rozwi","q":"Q986822","s":1660,"hs":1660,"history":"The Rozvi Empire arose under Changamire Dombo, c. 1660 (later accounts: 1684), so no year it existed is withheld."},
  {"name":"Pegu","q":"Q1572529","e":1552,"history":"The Hanthawaddy kingdom («Pegu») was absorbed by Toungoo, whose conquest of Lower Burma was complete by 1552; the Restored Hanthawaddy (1740) is a separate unit."},
  {"name":"Astrakhan Khanate","q":"Q210163","e":1556,"history":"Muscovy annexed the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556."},
  {"name":"Mughal Empire","q":"Q33296","s":1526,"hs":1526,"history":"Babur founded the empire at the First Battle of Panipat (1526)."},
  {"name":"Alwa","q":"Q449639","e":1504,"history":"Soba, the capital of Alodia, fell to the Funj c. 1504."},
  {"name":"Khanate of Sibir","q":"Q190513","s":1490,"hs":1490,"history":"The Siberian Khanate formed under the Taibugids c. 1490."},
  {"name":"Berar","q":"Q818666","s":1490,"hs":1490,"history":"Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk declared Berar independent of the Bahmanis in 1490."},
  {"name":"Papua New Guinea","q":"Q691","s":1975,"hs":1975,"history":"The name names only the state that became independent in 1975; no polity of that name existed earlier."},
  {"name":"Kalmar Union","q":"Q62623","s":1397,"hs":1397,"e":1523,"history":"Erik of Pomerania was crowned at Kalmar in 1397; Sweden left the union in 1523."},
  {"name":"Denmark-Norway","q":"Q62651","s":1536,"hs":1536,"history":"The realm called Denmark-Norway dates from 1536-37, when Norway's council was abolished after Sweden left the Kalmar Union (1523); it did not exist in 1000."},
  {"name":"Timurid Empire","q":"Q484195","s":1370,"hs":1370,"history":"Timur took power at Balkh in 1370."},
  {"name":"Khmer Empire","q":"Q201705","e":1431,"history":"Ayutthaya sacked Angkor in 1431."},
  {"name":"Beylik of Aydin","q":"Q717112","e":1426,"history":"The Ottomans annexed the Aydınid beylik in 1426."},
  {"name":"Nanzan","q":"Q55522","e":1429,"history":"Shō Hashi conquered Nanzan in 1429 and unified Ryukyu."},
  {"name":"Chūzan","q":"Q55521","e":1429,"history":"Chūzan became the unified Ryukyu Kingdom in 1429."},
  {"name":"Hokuzan","q":"Q55523","e":1416,"history":"Chūzan conquered Hokuzan in 1416."},
  {"name":"Ilkhanate","q":"Q178084","s":1256,"hs":1256,"e":1335,"history":"Hülegü's campaign established the Ilkhanate in 1256; it disintegrated on the death of Abu Sa'id (1335)."},
  {"name":"Mamluke Sultanate","q":"Q282428","s":1250,"hs":1250,"history":"The Mamluks seized power in Egypt in 1250."},
  {"name":"Seljuk Caliphate","q":"Q975405","e":1307,"history":"The Sultanate of Rum ended with the death of Mesud II, 1307-08."},
  {"name":"Srivijaya Empire","q":"Q234197","e":1377,"history":"Majapahit conquered Palembang in 1377, ending Srivijaya."},
  {"name":"Kediri","q":"Q756895","e":1221,"history":"Ken Arok defeated Kertajaya of Kediri at Ganter (1222 in most accounts); every year the sheets draw it in (from 1240) is after both dates."},
  {"name":"Pagan","q":"Q888574","e":1297,"history":"The Pagan kingdom fell after the Mongol invasions; Kyawswa was deposed in 1297."},
  {"name":"Chola state","q":"Q151148","e":1279,"history":"Rajendra III, the last Chola king, was defeated by the Pandyas c. 1279."},
  {"name":"Shogun Japan (Kamakura)","q":"Q736839","e":1333,"history":"The Kamakura shogunate fell with the siege of Kamakura (July 1333)."},
  {"name":"Sukhothai","q":"Q863279","s":1238,"hs":1238,"e":1438,"history":"Sukhothai was founded in 1238 and annexed by Ayutthaya in 1438."},
  {"name":"Kingdom of Sukhotai","q":"Q863279","s":1238,"hs":1238,"e":1438,"history":"As «Sukhothai»."},
  {"name":"Chimú","q":"Q581741","e":1470,"history":"The Inca conquered Chimor c. 1470."},
  {"name":"Bulgar Khanate","q":"Q420759","e":1396,"history":"At 1279-1400 the shape is the Second Bulgarian Empire, which fell to the Ottomans (Tarnovo 1393, Vidin 1396)."},
  {"name":"Ghaznavid Emirate","q":"Q249578","s":962,"hs":962,"e":1187,"history":"Alp Tigin took Ghazni in 962; the Ghurids took Lahore, the last Ghaznavid seat, in 1186-87."},
  {"name":"Buwayhid Emirates","q":"Q273874","s":934,"hs":934,"e":1062,"history":"The Buyid dynasty ruled from 934 until the Seljuks ended it in 1062."},
  {"name":"Buyiids","q":"Q273874","s":934,"hs":934,"e":1062,"history":"As «Buwayhid Emirates»."},
  {"name":"Liao","q":"Q4958","s":916,"hs":916,"e":1125,"history":"The Liao dynasty was proclaimed in 916 and fell to the Jin in 1125."},
  {"name":"Dutchy of Benevento","q":"Q267816","e":1081,"history":"The Lombard principality of Benevento ended with the Norman conquest (1077) and the city passed to the Papacy (1081)."},
  {"name":"Tiahuanaco Empire","q":"Q1307407","e":1150,"history":"The Tiwanaku polity collapsed c. 1000-1150."},
  {"name":"Fatimid Caliphate","q":"Q160307","e":1171,"history":"Saladin abolished the Fatimid Caliphate in 1171."},
  {"name":"Almoravid dynasty","q":"Q75613","e":1147,"history":"The Almohads took Marrakesh in 1147."},
  {"name":"Kakheti-Hereti","q":"Q7216494","e":1104,"history":"David IV annexed Kakheti-Hereti in 1104."},
  {"name":"Principality of Galicia-Volhynia","q":"Q239502","s":1199,"hs":1199,"history":"Roman Mstislavich united Galicia and Volhynia in 1199."},
  {"name":"Principality of Novgorod","q":"Q130499974","e":1136,"history":"Novgorod expelled its prince in 1136 and became a republic."},
  {"name":"Mongol Empire","q":"Q12557","s":1206,"hs":1206,"history":"Temüjin was proclaimed Genghis Khan at the kurultai of 1206."},
  {"name":"Kamarupa","q":"Q1194765","e":1140,"history":"The Pala dynasty of Kamarupa ended c. 1140."},
  {"name":"Angevin Empire","q":"Q538677","s":1154,"hs":1154,"history":"Henry II became King of England in 1154."},
  {"name":"Kingdom of Georgia","q":"Q154667","s":1008,"hs":1008,"history":"Bagrat III united Abkhazia and Kartli as the Kingdom of Georgia in 1008."},
  {"name":"Holy Roman Empire","q":"Q12548","s":962,"hs":962,"history":"Otto I was crowned emperor in 962."},
  {"name":"Caliphate of Córdoba","q":"Q171740","e":1031,"history":"The Caliphate of Córdoba was abolished in 1031."},
  {"name":"Khazars","q":"Q173282","s":618,"hs":618,"e":1048,"history":"The Khazar khaganate emerged c. 618-650 and was broken by Sviatoslav in 965-69; the later of Wikidata's dates (1048) is kept so no year is over-withheld."},
  {"name":"Kingdom of France","q":"Q70972","s":987,"hs":987,"history":"The Kingdom of France is dated from the election of Hugh Capet (987); before that the realm is West Francia."},
  {"name":"Poland","q":"Q36","s":960,"hs":960,"history":"The Polish state is dated from Mieszko I, c. 960 (baptism 966)."},
  {"name":"Pratiharas","q":"Q5324","e":1036,"history":"The Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty ended c. 1036."},
  {"name":"Nan Chao","q":"Q1045322","e":902,"history":"Nanzhao fell in 902; the Dali Kingdom (937) is a separate unit."},
  {"name":"Wessex","q":"Q105313","e":927,"history":"Æthelstan became King of the English in 927."},
  {"name":"Silla","q":"Q28456","e":935,"history":"Gyeongsun of Silla surrendered to Goryeo in 935."},
  {"name":"Great Moravia","q":"Q193152","e":907,"history":"Great Moravia collapsed under the Magyars, c. 907."},
  {"name":"Balhae","q":"Q28322","e":926,"history":"The Khitans destroyed Balhae in 926."},
  {"name":"Saffarids","q":"Q45310","s":861,"hs":861,"history":"Ya'qub ibn al-Layth took power in Sistan in 861."},
  {"name":"Kyivan Rus","q":"Q1108445","s":882,"hs":882,"history":"Oleg took Kyiv in 882."},
  {"name":"Carolingian Empire","q":"Q31929","s":800,"hs":800,"e":887,"history":"Charlemagne was crowned emperor in 800; the empire split after the deposition of Charles the Fat (887)."},
  {"name":"Papal States","q":"Q170174","s":754,"hs":754,"history":"The Donation of Pepin (754-56) founded the Papal States."},
  {"name":"Emirate of Córdoba","q":"Q1337854","s":756,"hs":756,"e":929,"history":"Abd al-Rahman I founded the emirate in 756; Abd al-Rahman III proclaimed the caliphate in 929."},
  {"name":"Tibetan Empire","q":"Q2431480","e":842,"history":"The Tibetan Empire fragmented after the death of Langdarma (842)."},
  {"name":"Tang Empire","q":"Q9683","s":618,"hs":618,"e":907,"history":"The Tang dynasty ruled 618-907."},
  {"name":"Aghlabid Emirate","q":"Q207600","s":800,"hs":800,"e":909,"history":"Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab was made emir in 800; the Fatimids took Raqqada in 909."},
  {"name":"Pallava","q":"Q466803","e":897,"history":"The Pallava dynasty ended when the Cholas defeated Aparajita, c. 897."},
  {"name":"Essex","q":"Q110888","e":825,"history":"Essex submitted to Wessex in 825."},
  {"name":"Kent","q":"Q328818","e":871,"history":"Kent passed to Wessex in 825 and was a West Saxon sub-kingdom until 871."},
  {"name":"Barghawata","q":"Q808139","s":744,"hs":744,"history":"The Barghawata confederacy was founded in 744."},
  {"name":"Paekche","q":"Q28428","e":660,"history":"Tang and Silla conquered Baekje in 660."},
  {"name":"Koguryo","q":"Q28370","s":-36,"hs":-36,"e":668,"history":"Goguryeo is traditionally founded in 37 BCE and fell to Tang and Silla in 668."},
  {"name":"Sasanian Empire","q":"Q83891","e":651,"history":"Yazdegerd III, the last Sasanian, died in 651."},
  {"name":"Sui Empire","q":"Q7405","s":581,"hs":581,"e":618,"history":"The Sui dynasty ruled 581-618."},
  {"name":"Göktürks","q":"Q205466","s":552,"hs":552,"history":"Bumin Qaghan founded the Turkic Khaganate in 552."},
  {"name":"Western Roman Empire","q":"Q42834","e":476,"history":"Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustulus in 476."},
  {"name":"Jin Empire","q":"Q306928","e":420,"history":"The Eastern Jin ended in 420 (Liu Song)."},
  {"name":"Northern Liang","q":"Q1539360","s":397,"hs":397,"e":439,"history":"Northern Liang ruled 397-439."},
  {"name":"Han Zhao","q":"Q1574107","s":304,"hs":304,"e":329,"history":"Han Zhao ruled 304-329."},
  {"name":"Gupta Empire","q":"Q11774","s":320,"hs":320,"history":"The Gupta Empire is dated from Chandragupta I, c. 320."},
  {"name":"Jin","q":"Q124738742","s":266,"hs":266,"history":"Sima Yan founded the Jin dynasty in 266."},
  {"name":"Parthian Empire","q":"Q1986139","e":224,"history":"Ardashir I defeated Artabanus IV at Hormozgan in 224."},
  {"name":"Han","q":"Q123576003","e":220,"history":"The Han dynasty ended with the abdication of Emperor Xian in 220."},
  {"name":"Satavahanihara","q":"Q5257","e":220,"history":"The Satavahana dynasty ended c. 220-224."},
  {"name":"Suren Kingdom","q":"Q1255614","e":226,"history":"The Indo-Parthian kingdom of the Suren house ended c. 226."},
  {"name":"Dacia","q":"Q173082","e":106,"history":"Trajan conquered Dacia in 106."},
  {"name":"Nabatean Kingdom","q":"Q11029653","e":106,"history":"Rome annexed Nabataea in 106."},
  {"name":"Odrysian Kingdom","q":"Q870517","e":46,"history":"Thrace became a Roman province in 46."},
  {"name":"Kushan Empire","q":"Q25979","s":30,"hs":30,"history":"Kujula Kadphises founded the Kushan Empire, c. 30."},
  {"name":"Seleucid Kingdom","q":"Q93180","e":-62,"history":"Pompey annexed the Seleucid remnant in 63 BCE."},
  {"name":"Mauryan Empire","q":"Q62943","e":-184,"history":"Pushyamitra Shunga overthrew the last Maurya in 185 BCE."},
  {"name":"Nan-Yue","q":"Q827040","s":-206,"hs":-206,"e":-110,"history":"Zhao Tuo established Nanyue in 207-204 BCE (the earlier of the two Wikidata dates is kept); the Han conquered it in 111 BCE."},
  {"name":"Min-Yue","q":"Q1936158","e":-109,"history":"The Han conquered Minyue in 110 BCE."},
  {"name":"Han Empire","q":"Q7209","s":-205,"hs":-205,"history":"The Han dynasty is dated from 206 BCE."},
  {"name":"Ptolemaic Kingdom","q":"Q2320005","s":-304,"hs":-304,"history":"Ptolemy I took the royal title in 305 BCE."},
  {"name":"Atropatene","q":"Q260437","s":-322,"hs":-322,"history":"Atropates made Media Atropatene independent after Alexander's death (323 BCE)."},
  {"name":"Xiongnu","q":"Q188836","s":-299,"hs":-317,"history":"The Xiongnu first appear in the record in 318 BCE (and as a confederation under Modu, 209 BCE); every year the sheet draws them in precedes both."},
  {"name":"Achaemenid Empire","q":"Q389688","s":-549,"hs":-549,"history":"Cyrus II overthrew Astyages in 550 BCE."},
  {"name":"Assyria","q":"Q41137","e":-608,"history":"The Neo-Assyrian Empire ended at Harran, 609 BCE."},
  {"name":"Urartu","q":"Q185068","s":-859,"hs":-859,"history":"The Kingdom of Urartu is attested from Aramu, c. 860 BCE."},
  {"name":"Elam","q":"Q128904","s":-3199,"hs":-3199,"sBy":"history","circa":true,"history":"The historical record begins Elamite civilization with the Proto-Elamite period, c. 3200-2700 BCE (Susa and Anshan, the Proto-Elamite script); Wikidata's 2700 BCE is the start of the Old Elamite period, so the bound is history's and Wikidata's is refuted as later."}
 ],
 "refuted": [
  {"name":"Songhai","q":"Q202687","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"Before 1464 the Songhai state of Gao (Sonni dynasty) already existed; 1464 is the start of the imperial expansion under Sonni Ali."},
  {"name":"Bidar","q":"Q669317","side":"start","why":"date-disputed","note":"Barid Shahi rule at Bidar began in 1492; 1527 is the end of nominal Bahmani suzerainty."},
  {"name":"Mali","q":"Q184536","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"A kingdom of Mali (Malal) is attested from the 11th century (al-Bakri, 1068); 1235 is the founding of the empire."},
  {"name":"Bulgar Khanate","q":"Q420759","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"On the 1000 and 1100 sheets upstream uses the same name for the First Bulgarian Empire (681-1018); one name, two units — unresolved, see dev-notes/2026-10-01-hist-era-span-fidelity.md."},
  {"name":"Suren Kingdom","q":"Q1255614","side":"start","why":"date-disputed","note":"Gondophares' accession is dated variously from c. 20 BCE to c. 20 CE."},
  {"name":"Ur","q":"Q5699","side":"start","why":"date-disputed","note":"Ur was occupied from the Ubaid period (5th millennium BCE); Wikidata's 3800 BCE is later than the archaeological record."},
  {"name":"Hittites","q":"Q5406","side":"start","why":"date-disputed","note":"Wikidata states an inception of +1500 CE for the Hittites — evidently an error (the Hittite kingdom is dated c. 1650-1180 BCE). Not applied; reported upstream-side in the dev note."},
  {"name":"Saba","q":"Q216068","side":"start","why":"date-disputed","note":"Saba is dated from the 12th to the 8th century BCE depending on the source; the record does not fix 1000 BCE."},
  {"name":"Wu","q":"Q912068","side":"start","why":"date-disputed","note":"Wu is traditionally founded by Taibo (12th-11th c. BCE); 900 BCE is not a date history fixes."},
  {"name":"Gandhāra","q":"Q112980583","side":"end","why":"name-not-claim","note":"Gandhara names the region, which outlived the Achaemenid conquest (c. 535 BCE)."},
  {"name":"Kosala","q":"Q756854","side":"end","why":"date-disputed","note":"Kosala's annexation by Magadha is dated only to the 5th century BCE."},
  {"name":"Magadha","q":"Q234009","side":"end","why":"other-identity","note":"Magadha names the realm of successive dynasties (Nanda, Maurya, Gupta), not only the kingdom Wikidata ends in 345 BCE."},
  {"name":"New Zealand","q":"Q664","side":"start","why":"name-not-claim","note":"A geographic name for the islands."},
  {"name":"Iceland","q":"Q189","side":"start","why":"name-not-claim","note":"A geographic name for the island."},
  {"name":"Kadambas","q":"Q1479952","side":"end","why":"date-disputed","note":"The Kadambas of Banavasi ended c. 540, later than Wikidata's 525."},
  {"name":"Alwa","q":"Q449639","side":"start","why":"date-disputed","note":"Alodia is attested in the 6th century (conversion, c. 580); Wikidata's 600 is later."},
  {"name":"Göktürks","q":"Q205466","side":"end","why":"other-identity","note":"The Second Turkic Khaganate (682-744) is also Göktürk; the 657 end is the Western Khaganate's."},
  {"name":"Huari Empire","q":"Q923516","side":"start","why":"date-disputed","note":"Wari is dated from c. 500-600; Wikidata's 600 is the later bound."},
  {"name":"Huari Empire","q":"Q923516","side":"end","why":"date-disputed","note":"Wari collapsed c. 1000; Wikidata's 1100 is generous but not stated by the record. Left as drawn."},
  {"name":"Dvaravati","q":"Q1268307","side":"start","why":"date-disputed","note":"Dvaravati is dated from the 6th century."},
  {"name":"Nobatia","q":"Q568523","side":"end","why":"date-disputed","note":"Nobatia merged with Makuria at some point before 707; 650 is not fixed."},
  {"name":"Chen-La","q":"Q1057118","side":"end","why":"other-identity","note":"Chenla continued, divided into Land and Water Chenla, until the Khmer Empire (802)."},
  {"name":"Visigothic Kingdom","q":"Q126936","side":"end","why":"date-disputed","note":"The last Visigothic king Ardo held Septimania until c. 721; Wikidata's 718 is earlier."},
  {"name":"Ghana","q":"Q117","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The upstream draws the Ghana Empire, not the Republic of Ghana (1957)."},
  {"name":"Gurjara Pratihara","q":"Q5324","side":"start","why":"date-disputed","note":"The Gurjara-Pratiharas are dated from Nagabhata I, c. 730."},
  {"name":"Sindh","q":"Q7522081","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The upstream draws Sindh under the Habbari emirate, not the British division (1843)."},
  {"name":"Kingdom of Norway","q":"Q20","side":"start","why":"date-disputed","note":"Harald Fairhair's unification is dated c. 872; Wikidata's 900 is later."},
  {"name":"Pechenegs","q":"Q181752","side":"start","why":"name-not-claim","note":"A people, not a dated polity."},
  {"name":"Madagascar","q":"Q1019","side":"start","why":"name-not-claim","note":"A geographic name for the island."},
  {"name":"Tibet","q":"Q2444884","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The upstream draws Tibet as a region and its successive states, not the 1912-1951 state."},
  {"name":"Yemen","q":"Q805","side":"start","why":"name-not-claim","note":"A geographic name for the region."},
  {"name":"Georgia","q":"Q230","side":"start","why":"name-not-claim","note":"A geographic name; the polity is drawn separately as «Kingdom of Georgia»."},
  {"name":"Croatia","q":"Q224","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The upstream draws the medieval Kingdom of Croatia (925), not the republic (1991)."},
  {"name":"Toltec Empire","q":"Q17523945","side":"end","why":"date-disputed","note":"Tula fell c. 1150-1179; Wikidata's 1122 is earlier."},
  {"name":"Nepal","q":"Q837","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The upstream draws the Kathmandu valley kingdoms, not the Gorkha state (1768)."},
  {"name":"Bhutan","q":"Q917","side":"start","why":"name-not-claim","note":"A geographic name for the region."},
  {"name":"Benin","q":"Q962","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The upstream draws the Kingdom of Benin, not the Republic of Benin (1960)."},
  {"name":"Great Khanate","q":"Q7313","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The Great Khan's realm predates the Yuan proclamation (1271)."},
  {"name":"Great Khanate","q":"Q7313","side":"end","why":"other-identity","note":"The Northern Yuan continued the Great Khanate after 1368."},
  {"name":"Aymara kingdoms","q":"Q6104778","side":"end","why":"date-disputed","note":"The Inca conquest of the Aymara kingdoms is dated variously (c. 1438-1470s)."},
  {"name":"Moldova","q":"Q217","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The upstream draws the Principality of Moldavia (1346), not the republic (1991)."},
  {"name":"Blue Horde","q":"Q644979","side":"end","why":"date-disputed","note":"The White/Blue Horde naming is contested and no source fixes its end at 1395."},
  {"name":"Philippines","q":"Q928","side":"start","why":"name-not-claim","note":"A geographic name for the archipelago."},
  {"name":"Cambodia","q":"Q424","side":"start","why":"name-not-claim","note":"A geographic name (Kambuja), not the 1953 kingdom."},
  {"name":"Funj","q":"Q1475713","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The Funj are a people attested before the Sennar sultanate (1504); the name does not claim the sultanate."},
  {"name":"Laos","q":"Q819","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The upstream draws Lan Xang, not the 1949 state."},
  {"name":"Otavalo","q":"Q1020794","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The upstream draws the Otavalo people, not the city (1534)."},
  {"name":"Calvas","q":"Q1989880","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The upstream draws the Calvas people, not the canton (1824)."},
  {"name":"Natchez","q":"Q944044","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The upstream draws the Natchez people, not the settlement (1716)."},
  {"name":"White Horde","q":"Q2553863","side":"end","why":"date-disputed","note":"The White/Blue Horde naming is contested and no source fixes its end at 1500."},
  {"name":"Oman","q":"Q842","side":"start","why":"name-not-claim","note":"A geographic name for the region."},
  {"name":"Senegal","q":"Q1041","side":"start","why":"name-not-claim","note":"A geographic name for the region."},
  {"name":"Shan states","q":"Q4765854","side":"end","why":"date-disputed","note":"The Shan states persisted under Burmese suzerainty until 1885 and as British protectorates until 1948; Wikidata's 1563 is not their end."},
  {"name":"Republic of the Seven Zenden","q":"Q3456432","side":"start","why":"date-disputed","note":"The Zenden of the Valais governed themselves from the 15th century; 1613 is a formal date."},
  {"name":"Belize","q":"Q242","side":"start","why":"name-not-claim","note":"A place name in use since the 17th century."},
  {"name":"Surinam","q":"Q7646305","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The English colony of Surinam (1650-1667) is a different unit from the Dutch colony (1667)."},
  {"name":"Cayenne","q":"Q44401","side":"start","why":"other-identity","note":"The upstream draws French Guiana, not the town founded in 1664."},
  {"name":"Ceylon","q":"Q918153","side":"start","why":"name-not-claim","note":"A geographic name for the island, not British Ceylon (1815)."},
  {"name":"Khanate of the Golden Horde","q":"Q79965","side":"start","why":"date-disputed","note":"Batu established the Golden Horde on his return from the western campaign, 1242-43 (and the Ulus of Jochi it continued existed from the 1220s); Wikidata's 1243 would withhold the name in 1242."}
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